Airport Privatization Essay - 863 Words

Airports are key enhancers of commerce and trade; they generate massive transportation and key economic benefits (Vasigh, 2007). Privatization of airports relates to transfer of ownership of airport from public ownership sector to private ownership (Jobs Consultancy, 2007). Privatization process aims at increasing of efficiency, competitiveness and viable financing of airports. Considerations on whether to privatize an airport are made by governments and the decision has a long-term impact that follows (Jobs Consultancy, 2007). A complete and thorough review of the decision is made for a government to come up with a decision whether to privatize an airport or not. The complete review is necessary to ensure the decision is viable†¦show more content†¦United Kingdom has been privatizing its airports either fully or partially depending on the agreement made. British Airport Authority operates its own airports and its prices are regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to gether with the government and the competition commission. The CAA also regulates all the aspects of both security and safety. British Airways Authorities owns and operates all its airports and it is responsible for all the activities of airline services. In the UK, the government of Mrs. Thatcher decided to transfer ownership of airports to the private sector, whereby British Airports Authority (BBA), United Kingdom’s main airport provider, was privatized through issuing a public share to the interested parties in 1987. The airports privatized included London Heathrow together with London Gatwick (Adam Smith Institute, 2002). Apart from the privatization of BBA in the United Kingdom, smaller and minor airports that were operated and owned by the government authorities are also being sold to private owners and operators. These smaller airports include Birmingham International, Luton, East Midlands and Bristol. United Kingdom has continued privatizing its airports since 1987 since its government feels that it has no good reason for either owning or operating an airport. However, there has been a world-wide trend where airports are viewed as national prestige symbols in some countries (Adam Smith Institute, 2002). The government decided toShow MoreRelatedPrivatization of Airports750 Words   |  3 PagesPRIVATIZATION OF AIRPORTS Conceptual Understanding of the term ‘Privatization’ ‘Privatization’ is a generally a process through which the ownership and control of a government entity is transferred to a private entity. The transfer can be either in whole or partial. Different connotations of the term ‘privatization’ as enumerated in various articles and journals are as follows : 1. Movement of an entity from the federal government to a local or quasi-governmental agency where a private sectorRead MoreAirport Privatization 21980 Words   |  8 PagesAirport Privatization: Introduction: Airport plays a key role of air transport; it has a big impact on development of economics in a country. Freight passengers and cargo to any part of the world and it allows aircraft to land and take off. An airport has to have a proper infrastructure, which consists of runaways, taxiways, apron, terminal for arrival and departure of passengers, terminal for freight and ground interchange. It should have a wide range of facilities; lounge for passengers, shopsRead MoreBenefits Of Airline And Airport Privatization1971 Words   |  8 Pagesturbulence and uncertainty in this increasingly low margin market. Although separate entities, airlines and airports are interdependent and could not operate without the other. A major consequence of deregulation is airline concentration and strong economic drivers are pushing towards even further concentration and consolidation (Doganis, 2006). UK airport regulation was reformed with airport privatisation, enabling a long term focus to meet international demand and to maintain a customer focused businessRead MorePrivatization, Commercialization and Deregulation of Airports1795 Words   |  8 PagesTOPIC: Privatization, commercialization and deregulation of airports – incentives for airport to compete and maximize profits. Increasing importance of airport concession revenue – affects performance of different airport regulations, and leads to evolving vertical relationships. As competition in the airline market intensifies, airport-airline relationship becomes increasingly important. Discuss the impacts of airports on airline competition – focus on airport performance and airline-airport relationshipRead MorePrivatization Of Public Service Privatization1039 Words   |  5 PagesBecause governments found that they can not afford their varying brands of socialism in most of countries, privatization has been popular in the last decades. Public service privatization is the progress to transfer the public service, which is owned by governments, to the private firms whatever it is a profit or non-profit firms. As concerned, privatization can provide a lower price to public and more efficient services from privatised companies. However, it will also create some problems such asRead MoreBuilding A Project For Public Welfare2166 Words   |  9 Pagespartnerships. Typically, the PPP can be referred neither a privatization not a partial privatization. Privatization has usually been defined as a course of shifting the ownership, functioning or management of a service or action wholly or partly, from the government to the private sector. The key difference between the PPP and privatization is that the responsibility for delivery and backing a particular activity lies with the private sector in privatization. The PPP, on the other hand, involves full retentionRead MoreAirline Industry1221 Words   |  5 Pagesprofit of $9 billion in 2011. After the recent credit crunch, economies are now coming back to normal, business travel is increasing and investments in the airlines are now rising. Political/Legal influences Privatization Over the years airlines have undergone large-scale privatization; previously a significant portion of airlines industry was government-owned. Privatizing the industry has led to drastic increase in the number of air service providers and the airline travellers. Legal provision Read More Airline Deregulation Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesand routes. But various municipalities still retain ownership over airports. Given the massive improvements in the airlines since dergulation, why not apply this same thinking to airport ownership? The results should only be more of the same: better service, cheaper prices, and more market freedom. But the legislation winding its way through the legislative maze that is Congress does anything but move towards increased privatization. S. 1331, sponsored by Senator John McCain (R-AZ), would make itRead MoreAirline Deregulation1054 Words   |  5 Pagesroutes. But various municipalities still retain ownership over airports. Given the massive improvements in the airlines since dergulation, why not apply this same thinking to airport ownership? The results should only be more of the same: better service, cheaper prices, and more market freedom. But the legislation winding its way through the legislative maze that is Congress does anything but move towards increased privatization. S. 1331, sponsored by Senator John McCain (R-AZ), would make itRead MoreTransportation Service Administration and Aviation1387 Words   |  6 Pagessecurity acts and the creation of TSA, what does that mean? Prior to November, 2001, airport security was contracted by either the airport or the airlines to the private sector. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act required all airport security personnel be employed by the federal government. (Rahn, 2001) Was it necessary for the federal government to federalize airport security? The debate for privatization suggests that the functions of entire bureaucracies should be contracted out to private

Background And Significant Achievements Of Cartimandua Free Sample

Question: Describe the background and significant achievements of Cartimandua. Answer: Background of Cartimandua In 1st century Cartimandua was the queen of Brigantes, She was the first queen of Britain. She was born in 1st century and died after AD 69. When Romanians were controlling Britain, at that time Cartimandua came into power and took the charge as the First queen of Britain. Brigantes was the place where most number of Celtic people lived, in present time this place is known as Northern England. There are very few evidences present about the existence of Cartimandua in British history. A Roman author name Tacitus, he was the first person who brought Cartimandua through his writings. She started ruling the Brigantes when Roman emperor Claudius started controlling Britain. The Roman emperor Claudius surrendered Britain in front of Cartimandua without a fight. (Tacitus). Cartimandua married Venutius; he was the 1st century king of Brigantes. Cartimandua and her husband both were loyal to Rome. In some cases the Romanian arm forces also defended them. After defeating the Roman emperor Claudius, Cartimandua earned lots of wealth and gained power but few years later she divorced her husband Venutius and married to Vellocatus, who was a servant who carried weapons in Brigantes empowerment in 1st century. If we talk about the personal relationships there was a negative side of Cartimandua because during the time of her empowerment she made her brother and other relatives hostage. After divorcing her first husband Venutius, she declared war against him .During that period the Romanian soldiers helped Cartimandua, with the support of Roman forces she won the war again. Cartimandua was not fortunate all the time. After few years of war her first husband again attacked her empowerment and she asked for help from the Romanian but that time Romanians were not a ble to provide her with arms and she was defeated by Venutius and lost the kingdom. After that war she disappeared and was never found. (Keegan 2004) Significant achievements of Cartimandua There are specific names came when we discuss about female rulers of Britain and Cartimandua is one of them. If you ask British about Cartimandua almost 80% of them are not aware about her, though she was not familiar to everyone but her achievements are noteworthy. Her first significant achievement was that she was the first queen of Britain and it was the first time the Britain empowerment was ruled by a lady. When she entered the British empowerment the Romanian king Claudius surrendered himself in front of her without a war. Another achievement is that she was very loyal to everyone and gained attention, she was also known for good utilization of manpower and resources. Not only this but also Romanians took her help in many battles and she was the key to victory of those wars. She made Britain independent at that time from the Romans. She was very skillful; her people got independence without losing their lives and property. (Howarth 2010) She was a freedom fighter. Yes! In her time she was compared with many other freedom fighters like Caratacus, Venutius, and Boudica. She was also considered as a strong and influencing leader. When Venutius and Cartimandua fought each other in AD 57 it resulted in a civil war and yet she managed to keep her throne. Another achievement is that she was well known for ruling the largest tribe community in Britain. (Keegan 2004) References ancient-origins.net 2015, Mighty Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes Tribe and Friend to Rome, viewed 14 July 2016, romanroads.org 2015, Roman Roads in Lancashire- Historical Background, viewed 14 July 2016, historyfiles.co.uk 2016, Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles, viewed 14 July 2016.

Robert Frost`s Road Not Taken Essays - Poetry, Literature

Robert Frost`s "Road Not Taken" Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" shows the uncertainty as to which road of life a person should choose. It raises the evident question of whether it is better to choose a road in which many travel, or to choose the road less traveled and explore it yourself. In this poem the speakers tone, diction , and setting help to illustrate the struggle a person goes through in their lives to pick the right road to travel. In the first verse of the first stanza, Frost says "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood," which is seemingly a very important part of the poem. This line is a metaphor in which Frost uses the woods to represent life. Using this as an image helps to have a better understanding of the complexity of the problem that the speaker is facing. If you were standing at the edge of some woods you would not be able to clearly see what was ahead of you, because it would be obstructed by trees and branches. Life is like those woods because no one can clearly see or predict what will happen in the future, only hope to choose a path that will lead you to good fortune and happiness. Another interesting part of this verse is how he describes the woods as yellow. A word that strongly helps out the imagery, helps to describe the uncertainty of the speaker, and implies that he may be scared to even choose a path. Evidently he does not want to decide upon the wrong road and mess up the rest of his life. I believe that as he stands before these two roads he is really confused and scared as to which road to pick. All he can do is look as far down each road as possible, and hope that he decides upon the right one. This is exactly what he does when he looks down the first road, at the end of the first stanza. The second stanza starts off with the speaker talking about the other path, and how he looked just as hard, just as long, and just as fair on this path as he did the first. Meaning that he took exactly every step analyzing this road as he did the other. It is about this time when I first notice a change in the speakers tone. It becomes a little more confident, not much, but definitely less confused and scared than he was earlier. The first glimpse of this change in tone is in the eighth verse where he says, "because it{the second road} was grassy and wanted wear." It also shows that the speaker may not want to be like everybody else, a follower, but instead choose a different road and be himself, a leader. This verse also says that the road wanted wear, like he was drawn to path not just out of his own desire to be different, but maybe out of some pity. That pity being that the road is traveled less not because it is not appealing, but that people are to afraid to be different. Verse 12 is interesting when the speaker says that, "In leaves no step had trodden black," which I take to mean that the few people who did choose to take the road less traveled did not come across any difficulties or obstacles. He then goes on to say that , "Oh, I kept the first for another day," as to say that it took him a long time to make his decision. Actually it may have been months or even years before the speaker chose a road. He knew that the decision he made would determine the outcome of his life, and that he would have to be devoted to the road he chose. Once he made his decision he would probably never be able to turn back. Again in the third stanza, the speakers tone seems to change. This time his tone seems to be filled with confidence, and the confused and scared tone is gone. I believe this confidence is shown in verse eighteen, when the speaker repeats the first verse, except he leaves out the word yellow. I think he purposely left out the word yellow to show that he had gained confidence, and that he was no longer scared. I also believe that the word yellow was used to show the lapse of time between when he was first faced with the

Love canal essays

Love canal essays The film Great Lakes Bitter Legacy made a lasting impression on myself. And is making a larger impact on the wildlife and communities surrounding the Great Lakes. I never understood what devastating results could be generated from chemical dumping. Pollutants like plant fertilizers, PCBs, DDTs, and POPs were dumped with complete disregard to the environment. Shocking evidence was found that fish, birds, humans, and other wildlife have been affected. In my opinion all effects must be taken seriously. Topics that really caught my attention are the effects on the bald eagles, lake trout, and humans. Wildlife on the lakes is the most vulnerable to these contaminates. With these pollutions it effects about all wildlife in the area in some way or another. The Bald Eagle, for instance, has found to be very scarce surround the area. Experts predict the life of the eagle was dramatically lowered, almost cut in half. The eagles were found to have as much as nine times higher concentration of toxicants in their blood stream compared to eagles living more inland. Even more directly affected in the Great Lakes are lake trout. Sediments in the lake were found to contain high levels of PCBs. The effects of these pollutants shocked me. The majority of young trout do not even have a chance to survive. PCB levels were so high that the trout were not able to surface to the top. Trout were born only to die shortly after, not having a chance to fill their swim gland with oxygen. Lake contaminates have also taken a toll on humans. Most affected are women of childbearing age, infants, and children under the age of 15 who have consumed Great Lakes fish. An advisory stated that fish over twenty-five pounds should not be eaten. Experiments, which included rats and infants, were conducted and results were compelling. The rats showed signs of extreme stress and so did their offspring. The children we ...

Ocean Acidification Definition

Ocean Acidification Definition The oceans have reduced the effects of global warming for thousands of years by absorbing carbon dioxide. Now the basic chemistry of the oceans is changing because of our activities, with devastating consequences for marine life. What Causes Ocean Acidification? Its no secret that global warming is a major issue. A main cause of global warming is our release of carbon dioxide, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels and the burning of vegetation. Over time, the oceans have helped this problem by absorbing excess carbon dioxide. According to NOAA, the oceans have absorbed nearly half of the fossil fuel emissions weve generated over the past 200 years. As the carbon dioxide is absorbed, it reacts with the ocean water to form carbonic acid. This process is called ocean acidification. Over time, this acid causes the pH of the oceans to decrease, making ocean water more acidic. This can have drastic consequences on corals and other marine life, with cascading impacts on the fishing and tourism industries. More About pH and Ocean Acidification The term pH is a measure of acidity. If youve ever had an aquarium, you know that pH is important, and pH needs to be adjusted to optimal levels for your fish to thrive. The ocean has an optimal pH, too. As the ocean becomes more acidic, it becomes more difficult for corals and organisms to build skeletons and shells using calcium carbonate. In addition, the process of acidosis, or buildup of carbonic acid in body fluids, may affect fish and other marine life by compromising their ability to reproduce, breathe and fight diseases. How Bad is the Ocean Acidification Problem? On a pH scale, 7 is neutral, with 0 the most acidic and 14 the most basic. The historical pH of sea water is about 8.16, leaning on the basic side of the scale.The pH of our oceans has fallen to 8.05 since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. While this may not seem like a big deal, this is a change greater in magnitude than any time in the 650,000 years before the Industrial Revolution. The pH scale is also logarithmic, so that slight change in pH results in a 30 percent increase in acidity. Another problem is that once the oceans get their fill of carbon dioxide, scientists think the oceans could become a carbon dioxide source, rather than a sink. This means the ocean will contribute to the global warming problem by adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Life The effects of ocean acidification can be dramatic and far-reaching, and will affect animals such as fish, shellfish, corals, and plankton. Animals such as clams, oysters, scallops, urchins and corals that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells will have a difficult time building them, and protecting themselves as the shells will be weaker. In addition to having weaker shells, mussels will also have a reduced ability to grip  as the increased acid weakens their byssal threads. Fish will also need to adapt to the changing pH and work harder to remove acid out of its blood, which can impact other behaviors, such as reproduction, growth and food digestion. On the other hand, some animals such as lobsters and crabs may adapt well as their shells become stronger in more acidic water. Many of the possible effects of ocean acidification are unknown or still being studied. What Can We Do About Ocean Acidification? Lowering our emissions will help the ocean acidification problem, even if that just slows the impacts long enough to give species time to adapt. Read the Top 10 Things You Can Do to Reduce Global Warming for ideas on how you can help. Scientists have acted swiftly on this issue. The response has included the Monaco Declaration,  in which 155 scientists from 26 countries declared in January 2009 that: Ocean acidification is accelerating and severe damages are imminent;Ocean acidification will have broad socioeconomic impacts, affecting marine food webs, causing substantial changes in commercial fish stocks and threatening food security for millions of people;Ocean acidification is rapid, but recovery is slow;Ocean acidification can be controlled only by limiting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. The scientists called for intense efforts to research the problem, evaluate its impacts and cut emissions drastically to help curb the problem. Sources: Fabry, V.J., Seibel, B.A., Feely, R.A. and J.C. Orr. 2008. . Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES Journalof Marine Science, 65: 414–432.Feely, R.A., Sabine, C.L, and V.J. Fabry. 2006. Carbon Dioxide and Our Ocean Legacy. (Online) NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Science Brief. Accessed March 7, 2009.McAuliffe, K. 2008. Ocean Acidification: A Global Case of Osteoporosis. (Online) Discover. Accessed March 7, 2009.Monaco Declaration. 2008. Monaco Declaration on Oceans. Accessed July 21, 2015.Smithsonian Ocean Portal. Ocean Acidification.  Accessed July 21, 2015.

How does stress affect the characters' s in The Descendants by Kaui Essay

How does stress affect the characters' s in The Descendants by Kaui Hart Hemmings in a few ways - Essay Example Causes of stress are not universal to everyone. What stresses one may not stress another (Kopolow 17). Therefore, stress can be defined as responding to body demands that are not specific. The basic way to respond to stress involves three stages, which includes sensitization, resistance, and lastly exhaustion. To apply this it takes self effort to manage stress. This can be done through physical practices to ease your nerves and release pressure through exercise like running. It can also be done by sharing with friends, understanding your limits, taking good care of yourself, setting aside time just to have fun as it is important as doing work, participating in various activities to avoid boredom, assigning tasks to avoid being overworked, accepting correction, and sometimes crying if it is necessary to release your stress (Hemmings 45). The effect of stress have been demonstrated in the novel The Descendants through the various characters in the book. This is clear in the main chara cter of the book, Matt, who is majorly faced by family stress. From the book, it is evident that stress has had adverse effects to most of characters including Matt himself, however, in the end it turns out to transform Matt into a likable character (Kopolow 17). The Descendants is a book that talks of a story in the palace. Matt King a land owner in Hawaii from the royalty of Hawaii. He faces stress from the accident of her wife in a boat race and later on he realizes that her wife, Joanie, has been having extramarital affairs with Brian in the process of providing a chance for friends to bid Joanie goodbye. Joanie had been responsible of the kids and after her demise, Matt is faced with the challenge of handling his children, Alex and Scottie, as a single father. The two daughters are sturbon in their own way, one is a drug addict and the other a sturbon girl that displays unpleasant messages to her friends. Despite all this causes of stress to Matt, he still manages to be dillige nt with his business and career, as well as managing and rebuilding his family. The story starts with stressing events that touch most of the characters. However, towards the end, the story manages to have a happy ending as we see the family of Matt uniting together especially after the death of Joanie, the wife to Matt and the mother to Alex and Scottie. Kaui Hemmings begins the book by introducing Matt king who narrates the entire story. He is in a hospital where his wife, Joanie, lies in a coma. She is described to be once enthusiastic, and ecstasy-seeking is in a coma at the hospital after an accident in a boat race accident. This is one of the causes of stress to Matt as it gives him worry about the health of his wife (Hemmings 45). Matt is also faced from other stresses arising from his family. Another cause of stress to Matt is his discovering that his wife had extra-marital affairs outside their wedlock. He learns that his wife was not faithful to their marriage. This makes him seek to find out the details of the mysterious lover of his wife. He seeks a solution to this family stress by sharing it with his friends as he look for the man he believes his wife loved. He does this to give the lover to his wife a chance to bid farewell to Joanie because Matt believes she will die soon. Matt is also faced with another family stress of dealing with his daughters after Joanie is dead. He poses, â€Å"Once I think I know the pattern with these girls -- fun, intimacy, fight,

Critically evaluate feminist arguments against the present system of Essay

Critically evaluate feminist arguments against the present system of science - Essay Example The movement also argued that science, besides perpetuating inequalities between sexes, is excessively focused on rational positivism, specifically on matters of objectivity, exactness, and certainty that seemed in conflict with feminism’s political ideals (Potter, 2006), and specifically with the development of a feminist science that focuses on women’s interests. Feminist Critiques of Science Feminist discourses are stuffed with cases of gender inequalities, especially in the field of science. Since the 1960s, feminist critique of science have shifted from discourses that explained the likelihood of reforming the existing system of science to demands for a total reconstruction of the core bedrock of culture and science (Wyer, 2009). Radical feminism argues that the politics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemologies of the prevailing system of science are male-biased and interdependent; that in spite of the profoundly embedded Western cultural faith in the inherent obje ctivity or liberalism of science, science nowadays caters mostly to reactionary or backward social inclinations; and that science’s methods of creating and explaining meanings, its approaches to the process of research problem identification and experimental designs, its instruments and applications, and its social structure are not just androcentric but also culturally intimidating, rigidly hierarchical, and racially prejudiced (Outhwaite & Turner, 2007). As explained by Mayberry (2001), in their explorations of how the formation of gender identity, the gender-based differentiation of labour, and gender representation have shaped the historical development and principles of science, feminist scholars have questioned and debunked the social and intellectual system at their core. Feminists have commonly viewed practitioners of science as conspiring, unknowingly or intentionally, in the creation and perpetuation of cultural and social stereotypes about the two sexes. A good exa mple is sociobiology, the field that associated animal behaviour with human behavioural patterns. Sociobiologists generally believe that the environment has a negligible contribution to human development. They have attributed the greatest role to the genes. A well-known sociobiologist, E.O. Wilson argued that, â€Å"It pays males to be aggressive, hasty, fickle, and undiscriminating. In theory it is more profitable for females to be coy, to hold back until they can identify males with the best genes... Human beings obey this biological principle faithfully† (Wyer, 2008, 188). Because of such male-biased statements, feminists have fervently condemned the efforts of sociobiologists to validate and reinforce inequalities between the human sexes. Sociobiology promotes the idea that females are selective and favour monogamous relationships because these traits guarantee the reproduction of their genes. On the other hand, males are naturally promiscuous and prefer polygamous relati onships to guarantee the transmission of their genes (Wyer, 2008, 188). Hilary Rose and Nancy Hartsock support and explained the value of a feminist standpoint perspective, and the importance of developing a form of science that gives consideration to women and women’s worldview and knowledge. These feminist arguments against science blended with an array of other perspectives against positivism, or rigid objectivity and certainty, as the epistemological